By: - Madison Boutureira - Amanda Graham
- Alexa Schachinger
Essential Question: How do the issues which prompted the creation of the amendment compare with the issues they are applied to today?
What does this amendment say? "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."
What does this mean? A person accused of committing a crime has the right to a public trial with an impartial jury close to the time they committed the crime.
The seven rights listed in the 6th amendment: 1.The right to a speedy trial 2. The right to a public trial 3. The right to be judged by an impartial jury 4. The right to be notified of the nature and circumstances of the alleged crime 5. The right to confront witnesses who will testify against the accused 6. The right to find witnesses who will speakin favor of the accused 7. The right to have a lawyer
Questions about the 6th amendment: 1. Why was the sixth amendment written? The sixth amendment was written into the constitution to protect the individual rights (liberties)of anyone accused of a crime. It did this by making sure that an accused person receives a fair process and is not unfairly sent to prison without a proper trial.
2. What would happen if the accused person did not have a trial within the time frame they have committed the crime? If the accused person does not have a trial within the time frame they have committed the crime, the conviction will be thrown away without a possibility of another trial. Rarely do courts make this mistake. They do not want someone who is possibly guilty to walk away a free man. A person may not file a speedy-trial claim after the government has dropped all criminal charges against the person.
3. What are the defendant's rights? The defendant's rights are listed below:
1) A defendant is entitled to a trial in a reasonable period of time after he is arrested for a crime. 2) A criminal defendant has an absolute right to be tried by a jury if that is his choice. An impartial jury is one assembled from a pool of citizens, drawn by a lot, at random, from which a jury is selected. 3) An accused has the right to be told of the specific crime which he is charged with to prepare for a defense. 4) The confrontation clause of the sixth amendment ensures that "testimony" will never be admitted as evidence against a criminal defendant unless the testifier is face to face with the accused testifying. 5) After arraignment, a defendant knows the charge against him. He has the right to prepare to defend himself and a witness is often needed to support the defendant. 6) A defendant has the right to the assistance of a lawyer in his defense. This means that a defendant could not be denied a lawyer by the government. The defendant also has the right to a lawyer at public expense if they could not afford one.
4. How do you choose an impartial jury? An impartial jury is composed of jurors that are unbiased. Potential jurors are questioned by both sides to determine that no bias is found. If any bias is found, the jurors may be challenged. Another factor in determining if a jury is impartial is the nature of the panel from which the jurors are chosen. The panel must represent a fair section of the community and may not exclude any one group of the community.
5. What would you have to do to receive a death penalty? To recieve a death penalty you have to: - cause, serious harm to the society and not hesitate to do more - serial killings - cause serious trauma to a victim - serial rapist murders - kidnapping abuse murders
6. How do you appoint a lawyer to the defendant? Every criminal defendant has the right to be represented by a legal counsel. If you are unable to afford a private defense attorney because of their hourly rate of 300 to 400 dollars the court will appoint one to you and ask you for your financial records. The financial data will provide the judge proof that your are really unable to afford the attorney. Then the appointed lawyer will work on the governments expense. The judge determines whether or not you are qualified for a court appointed lawyer.
7. How does the evidence show what really happened without a witness? Circumstantial Evidence and direct Evidence are the two types of evidences used in court both by the prosecution and the defense in oder to prove to the jury and judge their version of the truth.
DIRECT EVIDENCE INCLUDES: - physical evidence of the crime - documentary evidence (recorded evidence of a crime on video, audio, or other reliable sources) - witness testimony that includes hand knowledge of the crime in question
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE INCLUDES: - evidence in which an inference is required to connect it to a conclusion of fact, like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime - indirect evidence combining seemingly unrelated fact that when considered together, infers a conclusion logically and reasonably
If the prosecutor presents the drawn conclusion unlawfully or illogically the prosecution will fail on convincing the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty. Direct and circumstantial evidence must prove beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of a criminal defendant in order to elicit a conviction
8. When can people be excluded from a public trial? Under the Public Trial Clause, friends and relatives of the accused person must be invited to come to the trial, but the right to a public trial is not forever standing. If parents, spouses and children prove to be disruptive during the trial, they will not be included in the trial. Young children may also not be included due to their lack of understanding of the law and they are easily agrivated. The judge has the right to do so, without a reason. Not all trials of informed of to the media, nor televised. Not often will cases be closed to all members of the media and public. In cases that have lots of public intrest due to the limited seating of the court, courts may ramdomly select citizens to attend the case. Some criminal cases become private when a child is asked to testify about and emotionaly charged issue. The defendant may also give up his or her right to a public trial in which all of the proceedings will be held privately.
9. What is reasonable time frame to go to trial after being arrested? The right to a speedy trial starts when a person is arrested or accused by a grand jury. Usually, charges have to be filed within 30 days of an arrest and a trial must take place within 70 days of the charges being filed.
10. Does the person accused of committing a crime stay in jail while they ait for their trial to occur? The person accused of a crime will be fingerprinted, photographed and put in a holding cell. They will stay there until their first appearance in court. They may also be released on bail, which is when someone pays money to allow the accused person's temporary release.
True or False: 1) States do not require unanimous verdicts in certain cases. 2) In most cases, judges and juries disagree on the verdict. 3) Juries never impose sentences after reaching verdicts. 4) Judges can be called for jury duty. 5) The Constitution guarantees you the right to a jury trial only in criminal cases. 6) Television cameras can be present during a trial, even if the defendant objects. 7) All federal juries require unanimous votes. 8) Over 90 percent of all cases never come before a jury.
Answer key 1) True - Twenty-nine states allow less than unanimous verdicts in certain civil cases and five states in certain criminal cases. 2) False - Studies have shown that they agree at least 80% of the time. 3) False - Thirteen states require jurors to pass sentence on those they have convicted of crimes punishable by death. 4) True - In some states, especially those using "one day/one trial" juries. 5) False - The Seventh Amendment provides for jury trials in civil cases. 6) True - If state rules explicitly permit it. See Chandler v. Florida (1981). 7) True. 8) True - Most cases are plea bargained, settled, or tried before a judge.
Glitter Text Generator
Fun Fact #1
The framers of the Constitution were all too familiar with the ways a tyrant deals with imprisoning people: if you had a different opinion than the king in power, you were imprisoned; if you tried to speak up against the king, you were imprisoned; etc. Our founders wanted to secure that this would never happen in America. Our founders brilliantly did so with seven elements in the Sixth Amendment to our Constitution.
Fun Fact #2
The first element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Speedy Trial. By requiring that an accused citizen have the right to a quick trial, our founders ensured three things:
The right to a Speedy Trial prevents the accused from going through a lengthy period of confinement before their trial.
The right to a Speedy Trial shortens the time frame in which public accusation can build up against the accused before the trial takes place.
The right to a Speedy Trial ensures that so much time does not pass as to result in the defendant not being able to defend his/herself due to the sickness, death, or loss of memory of a witness.
Fun Fact #3
The second element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Public Trial. There are two points that reveal the importance of a Public Trial:
A Public Trial is uniquely different from any other form of trial as it allows the media, press, and the public to watch on and record the trial.
The Public Trail dates back before English common law and “possibly even before the Roman legal system”. A public trial (instead of a private trial) has been used as a tool to prevent the government from using the court systems in corrupt ways to imprison innocent people in private.
Fun Fact #4
The third element to the Sixth Amendment is that of an Impartial Jury (or a fair and unbiased jury). Just like the Public Trial, an Impartial Jury is dated back to ancient times. However, in the case of an American Impartial Jury there are three requirements:
The normal size of a jury is assumed to be twelve people. A jury on a state criminal trial, however, can be made up of as little as six people. In Ancient Greece the number of jurors on criminal cases could number up to 500 persons!
Other than the size of the juries the only other requirement is that the jurors be free of prejudice and bias against the defendant. They should be a representation of the population from which the accused person inhabited at the time of the crime.
Fun Fact #5
The fourth element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Notice of Accusation. The Notice of Accusation is another element that makes America’s court system uniquely different from the rest. What is a Notice of Accusation, though? Why is it so important?
Under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, it is law for the government to explain the charges that are being held against the accused individual.
The government must also outline the charges and explain in explicit detail all the charges held against the individual so that the individual will have the opportunity to defend his/herself against the charges.
Fun Fact #6
The fifth element of the Sixth Amendment is called the three C’s (Confrontation, Compulsory Process, & Counsel). The first is Confrontation.
Confrontation allows the defendant to cross-examine the witnesses who have testified against him/her in front of the jury.
Confrontation, like the Impartial Jury and Public Trial, predate the English legal system.
Fun Fact #7
The sixth (and second to last) element to the sixth amendment is the Compulsory Process. Compulsory Process is also the second C in the C trio. You may be wondering, “What in the world does Compulsory Process mean?
The Compulsory Process allows the defendant to summon witnesses who will testify on their behalf. The interesting detail of the Compulsory Process, however, is that the state can subpoena the witness (or force the witness to come before court) even if he wishes not to.
If the Compulsory Process was not incorporated in the Sixth Amendment, a person who knew facts that would lead to the accused individual’s innocence could simply wish to not become involved in the case and refuse to go before court, then possibly leading to a false accusation against the accused individual due to lack of evidence.
Fun Fact #8
The last element to the Sixth Amendment, the last C, is that of the right to a Counsel. The right to a counsel includes the right of the accused individual to hire an attorney of their choice to represent them in a criminal case.
The framers ensured to any accused individual, by writing the sixth amendment, the right to hire any attorney they choose to represent them.
They not only thought it important for them to have any type attorney represent them, but they thought it important that the accused individual had the right to hire the best attorney.
The sixth amendment to the Bill of Rights promises to any accused individual seven elements that secure a fair and unbiased trial in court.
CURRENT EVENTS:
Mayor Bloomberg’s ex- consultant gets prison time regardless that he admits his guilt. John Haggerty, age 42 was a consultant for the Republican Party for Mayor Bloomberg and convicted of stealing money from the campaign funds of Mayor Bloomberg. John Haggerty’s trial lasted almost a month. The trial also exposed some of the Mayors very expensive spending habits even though Mayor Bloomberg testified at the trial as a witness for the government. However, Haggerty lied to campaign donators about what he was going to use the money for. Instead of setting up Election Day voting security operations, he bought himself a home. John Haggerty was charged and convicted with stealing $750,000 from Mayor Bloomberg’s $110 million dollar campaign.
On Monday, John Haggerty, while at his sentencing hearing admitted his guilt to Judge Zweibel of State Supreme Court in Manhattan. John Haggerty stated he knew this ruined his otherwise good career and name in politics. Mr. Haggerty’s lawyers tried to explain to the judge that he stole the money to buy his family’s home so he could save what little family life he had known. One lawyer tried to explain it as a crime of emotion. His lawyers also read out loud some of 40 letters sent to the judge on behalf of John Haggerty and his good reputation before this mistake. The trial ended with a conviction of guilty to second-degree grand larceny and money laundering. John Haggerty was given a 4 to 12 year prison sentence.
In my opinion, justice was served. The trial allowed for evidence, defense and obviously the justice system worked because he was found guilty before he admitted it during the sentencing. I was not surprised to hear people stealing in politics but I was surprised to hear a lawyer explain it as a crime of emotion. There are plenty of people who want to buy a home, people who cant afford the homes they have, and people who will never know what it is to own a home. But to have a political consultant steal money to buy a home, lets hope he is not consulting others to do the same. I was also surprised to read that Haggerty thought he could steal $750,000 and not get prison time. He thought all his good work and life before this mistake could cover for this bad decision. I guess he thought he was too good to borrow money for a home like everyone else does.
"Constituting America :: Juliette's Blog » Blog Archive » U.S. Constitution for Kids – Amendment VI – May 26, 2011." Welcome to Constituting America, sponsors of the We the People 9.17 Contest.//. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.constitutingamerica.org/juliette/?p=271>.
By:
- Madison Boutureira
- Amanda Graham
- Alexa Schachinger
Essential Question: How do the issues which prompted the creation of the amendment
compare with the issues they are applied to today?
What does this amendment say?
"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."
What does this mean?
A person accused of committing a crime has the right to a public trial with an impartial jury close to the time they committed the crime.
The seven rights listed in the 6th amendment:
1.The right to a speedy trial
2. The right to a public trial
3. The right to be judged by an impartial jury
4. The right to be notified of the nature and circumstances of the alleged crime
5. The right to confront witnesses who will testify against the accused
6. The right to find witnesses who will speakin favor of the accused
7. The right to have a lawyer
Questions about the 6th amendment:
1. Why was the sixth amendment written?
The sixth amendment was written into the constitution to protect the individual
rights (liberties)of anyone accused of a crime. It did this by making sure that
an accused person receives a fair process and is not unfairly sent to prison
without a proper trial.
2. What would happen if the accused person did not have a trial within the time frame they have committed the crime?
If the accused person does not have a trial within the time frame they have committed the crime, the conviction will be thrown away without a possibility of another trial. Rarely do courts make this mistake. They do not want someone who is possibly guilty to walk away a free man. A person may not file a speedy-trial claim after the government has dropped all criminal charges against the person.
3. What are the defendant's rights?
The defendant's rights are listed below:
1) A defendant is entitled to a trial in a reasonable period of time after he is arrested for a crime.
2) A criminal defendant has an absolute right to be tried by a jury if that is his choice. An impartial
jury is one assembled from a pool of citizens, drawn by a lot, at random, from which a jury is selected.
3) An accused has the right to be told of the specific crime which he is charged with to prepare for a defense.
4) The confrontation clause of the sixth amendment ensures that "testimony" will never be admitted as evidence against a criminal defendant unless the testifier is face to face with the accused testifying.
5) After arraignment, a defendant knows the charge against him. He has the right to prepare to defend himself and a witness is often needed to support the defendant.
6) A defendant has the right to the assistance of a lawyer in his defense. This means that a defendant could not be denied a lawyer by the government. The defendant also has the right to a lawyer at public expense if they could not afford one.
4. How do you choose an impartial jury?
An impartial jury is composed of jurors that are unbiased. Potential jurors are questioned by both sides to determine that no bias is found. If any bias is found, the jurors may be challenged. Another factor in determining if a jury is impartial is the nature of the panel from which the jurors are chosen. The panel must represent a fair section of the community and may not exclude any one group of the community.
5. What would you have to do to receive a death penalty?
To recieve a death penalty you have to:
- cause, serious harm to the society and not hesitate to do more
- serial killings
- cause serious trauma to a victim
- serial rapist murders
- kidnapping abuse murders
6. How do you appoint a lawyer to the defendant?
Every criminal defendant has the right to be represented by a legal counsel. If you are unable to afford a private defense attorney because of their hourly rate of 300 to 400 dollars the court will appoint one to you and ask you for your financial records. The financial data will provide the judge proof that your are really unable to afford the attorney. Then the appointed lawyer will work on the governments expense. The judge determines whether or not you are qualified for a court appointed lawyer.
Circumstantial Evidence and direct Evidence are the two types of evidences used in court both by the prosecution and the defense in oder to prove to the jury and judge their version of the truth.
DIRECT EVIDENCE INCLUDES:
- physical evidence of the crime
- documentary evidence
(recorded evidence of a crime on video, audio, or other reliable sources)
- witness testimony that includes hand knowledge of the crime in question
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE INCLUDES:
- evidence in which an inference is required to connect it to a conclusion
of fact, like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime
- indirect evidence combining seemingly unrelated fact that when considered together, infers a conclusion logically and reasonably
If the prosecutor presents the drawn conclusion unlawfully or illogically the prosecution will fail on convincing the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty. Direct and circumstantial evidence must prove beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of a criminal defendant in order to elicit a conviction
8. When can people be excluded from a public trial?
Under the Public Trial Clause, friends and relatives of the accused person must be invited to come to the trial, but the right to a public trial is not forever standing. If parents, spouses and children prove to be disruptive during the trial, they will not be included in the trial. Young children may also not be included due to their lack of understanding of the law and they are easily agrivated. The judge has the right to do so, without a reason. Not all trials of informed of to the media, nor televised. Not often will cases be closed to all members of the media and public. In cases that have lots of public intrest due to the limited seating of the court, courts may ramdomly select citizens to attend the case. Some criminal cases become private when a child is asked to testify about and emotionaly charged issue. The defendant may also give up his or her right to a public trial in which all of the proceedings will be held privately.
9. What is reasonable time frame to go to trial after being arrested?
The right to a speedy trial starts when a person is arrested or accused by a grand jury. Usually, charges have to be filed within 30 days of an arrest and a trial must take place within 70 days of the charges being filed.
10. Does the person accused of committing a crime stay in jail while they ait for their trial to occur?
The person accused of a crime will be fingerprinted, photographed and put in a holding cell. They will stay there until their first appearance in court. They may also be released on bail, which is when someone pays money to allow the accused person's temporary release.
True or False:
1) States do not require unanimous verdicts in certain cases.
2) In most cases, judges and juries disagree on the verdict.
3) Juries never impose sentences after reaching verdicts.
4) Judges can be called for jury duty.
5) The Constitution guarantees you the right to a jury trial only in criminal cases.
6) Television cameras can be present during a trial, even if the defendant objects.
7) All federal juries require unanimous votes.
8) Over 90 percent of all cases never come before a jury.
Answer key
1) True - Twenty-nine states allow less than unanimous verdicts in
certain civil cases and five states in certain criminal cases.
2) False - Studies have shown that they agree at least 80% of the time.
3) False - Thirteen states require jurors to pass sentence on those they
have convicted of crimes punishable by death.
4) True - In some states, especially those using "one day/one trial" juries.
5) False - The Seventh Amendment provides for jury trials in civil cases.
6) True - If state rules explicitly permit it. See Chandler v. Florida (1981).
7) True.
8) True - Most cases are plea bargained, settled, or tried before a judge.
Fun Fact #1
The framers of the Constitution were all too familiar with the ways a tyrant deals with imprisoning people: if you had a different opinion than the king in power, you were imprisoned; if you tried to speak up against the king, you were imprisoned; etc. Our founders wanted to secure that this would never happen in America. Our founders brilliantly did so with seven elements in the Sixth Amendment to our Constitution.
Fun Fact #2
The first element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Speedy Trial. By requiring that an accused citizen have the right to a quick trial, our founders ensured three things:
Fun Fact #3
The second element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Public Trial. There are two points that reveal the importance of a Public Trial:
Fun Fact #4
The third element to the Sixth Amendment is that of an Impartial Jury (or a fair and unbiased jury). Just like the Public Trial, an Impartial Jury is dated back to ancient times. However, in the case of an American Impartial Jury there are three requirements:
Fun Fact #5
The fourth element to the Sixth Amendment is that of a Notice of Accusation. The Notice of Accusation is another element that makes America’s court system uniquely different from the rest. What is a Notice of Accusation, though? Why is it so important?
Fun Fact #6
The fifth element of the Sixth Amendment is called the three C’s (Confrontation, Compulsory Process, & Counsel). The first is Confrontation.
Fun Fact #7
The sixth (and second to last) element to the sixth amendment is the Compulsory Process. Compulsory Process is also the second C in the C trio. You may be wondering, “What in the world does Compulsory Process mean?
Fun Fact #8
The last element to the Sixth Amendment, the last C, is that of the right to a Counsel. The right to a counsel includes the right of the accused individual to hire an attorney of their choice to represent them in a criminal case.
The sixth amendment to the Bill of Rights promises to any accused individual seven elements that secure a fair and
unbiased trial in court.
CURRENT EVENTS:
Mayor Bloomberg’s ex- consultant gets prison time regardless that he admits his guilt. John Haggerty, age 42 was a consultant for the Republican Party for Mayor Bloomberg and convicted of stealing money from the campaign funds of Mayor Bloomberg. John Haggerty’s trial lasted almost a month. The trial also exposed some of the Mayors very expensive spending habits even though Mayor Bloomberg testified at the trial as a witness for the government. However, Haggerty lied to campaign donators about what he was going to use the money for. Instead of setting up Election Day voting security operations, he bought himself a home. John Haggerty was charged and convicted with stealing $750,000 from Mayor Bloomberg’s $110 million dollar campaign.
On Monday, John Haggerty, while at his sentencing hearing admitted his guilt to Judge Zweibel of State Supreme Court in Manhattan. John Haggerty stated he knew this ruined his otherwise good career and name in politics. Mr. Haggerty’s lawyers tried to explain to the judge that he stole the money to buy his family’s home so he could save what little family life he had known. One lawyer tried to explain it as a crime of emotion. His lawyers also read out loud some of 40 letters sent to the judge on behalf of John Haggerty and his good reputation before this mistake. The trial ended with a conviction of guilty to second-degree grand larceny and money laundering. John Haggerty was given a 4 to 12 year prison sentence.
In my opinion, justice was served. The trial allowed for evidence, defense and obviously the justice system worked because he was found guilty before he admitted it during the sentencing. I was not surprised to hear people stealing in politics but I was surprised to hear a lawyer explain it as a crime of emotion. There are plenty of people who want to buy a home, people who cant afford the homes they have, and people who will never know what it is to own a home. But to have a political consultant steal money to buy a home, lets hope he is not consulting others to do the same. I was also surprised to read that Haggerty thought he could steal $750,000 and not get prison time. He thought all his good work and life before this mistake could cover for this bad decision. I guess he thought he was too good to borrow money for a home like everyone else does.
Bibliography:
"Criminal Law: Procedure FAQ's - Lawyers.com." Criminal Attornay Lawyers - Lawyers.com. N.p., n.d Web. 12 Dec. 2011 .
http://criminal.lawyers.com/Criminal-Law-Basics/Criminal-Law-Procedure-FAQ.html>.
"Sixth Amendment legal definition of Sixth Amendment. Sixth Amendment synonyms by the Free Online Dictionary..
" Legal Dictionary. N.p., Web 12 Dec. 2011. <http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sixth+Amendment
"Criminal Law: Procedure FAQ's - Lawyers.com." Criminal Attornay Lawyers - Leagl Information -Lawyers.com. N.p., n.d Web. 1
2 Dec. 2011 . http://criminal.lawyers.com/Criminal-Law-Basics/Criminal-Law--Procedure-FAQ.html>.
." New York State Unified Court System. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nycourts.gov/cji/1-General/CJI2d.
Circumstantial_Evidence
"How to Obtain a Court-Appointed Defense Lawyer - FindLaw." Criminal Law Center - Criminal Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. http://criminal.findlaw.com/crimes/criminal_help/obtaining-a-criminal-defense-lawyer.html.
"6th Amendment." Revolutionary War, Declaration of Independence, US Constitution, Bill of Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2011.
http://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/6th-amendment.html.
http://www.delrec.org/lawday/jury_trials-outline.pdf
http://eastchestermiddlehighschoollib.wikispaces.com/Amendment+6C4
"Redirect Notice." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?q=death+penalty+charts+and+graphs&hl=en&sa=X&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=508&tbm=isch&tbnid=BJrDZoReFt1UfM:&imgrefurl
=http://joemygod.blogspot.com/2009/03/recession-kills-death-penalty.html&docid=VCIFQPDDWGX4xM
"Redirect Notice." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?q=american+flag+with+constitution&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=508&tbm=isch&tbnid=_6oSyVfYNL6PBM:&imgrefurl=http:
www.123rf.com/photo_5007658_american-justice--constitution-wooden-gavel-and-us-flag.html&docid=VLo3YNOyUyTiTM&imgurl=http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/justasc/justasc0906/justasc090600004/5007658-american-justice--constitution-wooden-gavel-and-us-flag.jpg&w=400&h=266&ei=hBfpTvHaKdSr2AWP6vy6CQ
"Constituting America :: Juliette's Blog » Blog Archive » U.S. Constitution for Kids – Amendment VI – May 26, 2011." Welcome to Constituting America, sponsors of the We the People 9.17 Contest.//. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.constitutingamerica.org/juliette/?p=271>.
death penalties examples url
http://triad.news14.com/content/local_news/649763/convicted-killer-danny-hembree-sentenced-to-death
http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/orange_county&id=8447751
www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/john-haggerty-gets-prison-for-stealing-bloomberg-election-funds.html?ref=nyregion